Tweet

 Test

 https://bit.ly/nhrcPre 

 

 

 

 Post

  https://bit.ly/nhrcPost

 

 

 

Basics of Genomic Technology

Tweet

Genomics is the study of all the genes present in an organism, including their structure, function, and interactions. It involves the use of advanced technologies such as DNA sequencing, PCR, and biochip technology to analyze the entire genetic complement of an organism. Genomics plays a crucial role in understanding genetic variations, disease mechanisms, and personalized medicine.
Some key technologies used in the field of genomics to analyze genetic information include:

1. DNA sequencing: This technique allows the determination of the precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule.
2. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): PCR is a method widely used to amplify a single copy or a few copies of a segment of DNA to generate thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence.
3. Electrophoretic methods: Techniques such as SSCP (single-strand conformation polymorphism) and DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) are used to separate and analyze DNA fragments based on their size and electrical charge.
4. Biochip technology: DNA microarray and protein microarray are used for large-scale analysis of gene expression, genotyping, and protein-protein interactions.
5. Hybridization techniques: Methods such as Southern blot and Northern blot involve the use of labeled DNA or RNA probes to detect specific sequences in DNA or RNA samples.
6. Recombinant DNA technology: This technology is used to manipulate DNA sequences, such as cloning genes, constructing genetically modified organisms, and producing recombinant proteins.

Overall, these technologies play a crucial role in the field of genomics by allowing researchers to analyze and understand genetic information at a molecular level.

The DNA sequencing process involves several key steps to accurately determine the order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule. Firstly, in the library preparation stage, DNA is extracted and fragmented into smaller pieces. Subsequently, during sequencing, fragmented DNA undergoes third-generation sequencing techniques, such as PacBio Single Molecule, Real-Time (SMRT) sequencing, or Oxford Nanopore sequencing, enabling single molecule sequencing without amplification. Finally, in the data analysis phase, bioinformatics tools come into play. These tools assemble the sequence reads, align them to a reference genome, and decipher the exact order of nucleotides. This comprehensive process yields precise DNA sequences, providing invaluable insights for diverse applications in genomics.

Bioinformatics tools are instrumental in analyzing the obtained DNA sequences. They facilitate the assembly and alignment of reads to a reference genome, enabling the identification of variations, mutations, and specific genetic markers. Moreover, bioinformatics software predicts the functions and structural features of genes and proteins encoded by the DNA sequences. These tools also contribute to the identification of regulatory elements, non-coding regions, and genetic motifs within the DNA sequences. In essence, bioinformatics plays a pivotal role in interpreting and extracting valuable information from DNA sequences, enriching our understanding of genomics and supporting advancements in sequencing technologies.

More on

Proteins encoded by corona virus (SARS-CoV2)

Tweet

by Swikriti Adhikari, Pratika Regmi, and Sangharshika Chaudhary

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the betacoronavirus of the family Coronaviridae that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It is an enveloped and bear a non-segmented, positive sense, single-stranded RNA. This 30 kb genome (RNA)  encodes 14 open reading frames, Orfs (Orf is the part of the genetic material that has the ability to be translated). In particular, the 5’ Orf1a / Orf1ab of SARS-CoV-2 encodes for a single polyproteins, which is cleaved by proteolysis of virus’s own protease enzyme and fragmented into 16 non-structural proteins (Nsp1–16) creating the replicase / transcriptase complex (RTC). The proteins encodes by SARS-CoV-2 that are structural proteins, non-structural proteins and accessory proteins.

1. Structural Proteins
Structural viral proteins usually make up the outer coat of the virus and help in packaging of genome. SARS-Cov-2 encodes for four structural proteins and are encoded by the 3’-terminus of the viral genome. These are: 

Spike (S) glycoproteins: It is glycoprotein that gives crown like appearance thus named corona. It represent the largest structures of the virus and are essential for the entry into host cells. S protein attaches to the receptor protein ACE 2 (Angiotensin converting enzyme 2) of host alveoli and facilitate entry. Spike protein together with Hemaglutin esterase (HE) protein assist in entry to the human cell.

Envelope (E) proteins: E protein interacts with membrane protein to form the viral envelope. There is 2 types of  Envelope protein E1 & E2.  E1 is matrix glycoprotein transmembrane protein where as E2 is peplogenic glycoprotein. They are only present in small quantities and most likely function as ion channels, not necessarily needed for viral replication but essential for pathogenesis. 

Membrane/Matrix (M) proteins: They are the most abundant proteins in the virus structure and are responsible for viral membrane curvature and binding to the nucleocapsid.

Nucleocapsid (N) proteins: They bind to the viral RNA genome and ensure the maintenance of the RNA in a ‘beads-on-a-string’ conformation.

   Figure 1: Structural Proteins of SARS-CoV-2 (Picture source: biovendor.com)
  

2. Non-structural Proteins
The non-structural proteins are produced by the 5’-terminal end of the genome. Majority (~66%) segment of viral RNA located in the first ORF translates two polyproteins, pp1a and pp1ab, and encodes 16 non-structural proteins (NSP1-16), while the remaining ORFs encode accessory and structural proteins. The 16 non-structural protein includes;

1. NSP3: Papain-like protease-Plpro, supplement polyproteins
2. NSP5: Main protease-Mpro, also called Chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro): cuts the polyproteins translated from viral RNA to yield functional viral proteins.
3. NSP7-8: Primase complex,
4. NSP12: RNA-dependent RNA polymerase-RdRp
5. NSP13: Helicase-Hel
6. NSP14: 3′–5′ Exoribonuclease-ExoN, initiates cap formation
7. NSP15: Endoribonuclease-NendoU
8. NSP16: N7- and 2’O-methyltransferases: modify the cap of viral RNAs
9. other NSPs (1,2,4,6,9,10,11)

Figure 2: Non-structural proteins (upper) and spike protein (lower) encoded by SARS-CoV-2
Picture Source: Viruses 2019, 11(1), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/v11010059

Nonstructural proteins of corona-viruses and their function

Nonstructural protein (nsp)	functions
nsp1 & 3	Inhibit interferon signaling and block host innate immune response by promotion of cellular degradation and also blocks translation of host’s RNA
nsp2	Binding to proinhibition protein
nsp3 & 5	Promoting cytokine expression and cleavage of viral polyprotein
nsp4 & 6	Contribute to structure of DMVs as transmembrane scaffold protein (DMVs formation)
nsp7/8 complex	Processivity clamp for RNA polymerase by orms hexadecameric complex
nsp9	RNA binding protein phosphatase
nsp10, 16 & 14	Stimulation of ExoN and 2-O-MT activity
nsp12	Replication enzyme (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase)
nsp13	RNA helicase, 5′ triphosphatase
nsp14	Proofreading of viral genome
nsp15	Viral endoribonuclease and chymotrypsin‐like protease
nsp16	Avoiding MDA5 recognition and inhibit innate immunity regulation

3. Accessory Proteins
Apart from structural and non-structural proteins, SARS-CoV-2 encodes a group of unique proteins called accessory proteins. They help to change the environment inside the infected cell to make it easier for the virus to replicate. Many of these accessory proteins have no known homologues. The SARS-CoV-2 genome has an unusually high number of accessory genes in the 3′-end of the genome. The accessory proteins present in SARS-CoV-2 are named under the specific position of the ORFs and they are:

3a protein
3b protein
6 protein
7a protein
7b protein
8a protein
8b protein
9b protein
   

Applied Biotechnology

Tweet

Modern Technique in Biochemistry

1. Describe how affinity chromatography is useful for protein purification. 7
2. Describe the size exclusion gel chromatography in detail.  7
3. Describe the principle, procedure and uses of  paper chromatography.  8
4. What is immunodetection? Describe the fluorescence immunoassay.  2+6
5. Tabulate the difference between RIA and ELISA.    7
6. Describe the principle and instrumentation of PCR.    3+5
7. Explain about the vectors in gene cloning.   7
8. Describe the principle and uses of western blotting.  7
9. Write the Nernst equation.  Write the application of biosensor.  2+5
10. Describe the mechanism of pH electrode.    8
11. What is electrophoretic mobility (μ)? Describe the agarose gel electrophoresis.    2+7
12. How PAGE is prepared, explain.        6
13. What is redox reaction? Write the application of redox couple.    2+5
14. Describe the principle of Clark’s oxygen electrode.    8
15. What is bioinformatics? Mention the scope of bioinformatics in clinical diagnosis.   2+5
16. Enlist the scope of biotechnology.     8

Write a short note    5

• Ion selective electrode
• Hybridization
• DNA sequencing  
• Column chromatography
• Capacity factor in chromatography
• Fluorescence polarization immunoassay
• Electrochemiluminescence

BCM BT513-II Biochemistry Model Question.

Tweet

Model Questions for Biochemistry (M.Sc. Biotechnology, I-Semester, set II)

Long Answer Question: (7.5 × 1 = 7.5) (any one)

1. Write the structure and function of polysaccharides in the living organisms.
2. Classify the lipids and describe the structure of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.
3. Explain the major enzyme-catalyzed reactions with examples.
4. What is PUFA? Describe the structure and functions of steroids.
5. Write the structure and function of mono-saccharides.
6. Define Michaelis-Menten expression for single substrate single enzyme catalyzed reaction. What is the significance of Michaelis constant?

Short Answer Question: (2.5 × 3 = 7.5) (any three)

1. Write a short note on competitive inhibitor.
2. What are the biological roles of nucleic acids?
3. Describe the structure and biological role of glycoprotein.
4. Explain the two major hypotheses for mode of enzyme action.
5. Define enzyme. Describe Six-major types of enzyme-catalysed reaction.
6. Suppose we have a mixture of an enzyme that contains total number of enzyme 0.1M. At this concentration (when all active site are filled), the maximal rate of reaction is 60,000M/S. Calculate the turnover number of that enzyme and time it takes to convert one substrate into a product molecule.
7. Draw the structure of lactose.
8. Draw the structure of sucrose.
9. Write a short note on starch.

Very Short Answer Question: (1 × 5 = 5) (any five)

1. Write the Michaelis-Menten equation.
2. Write the Henderson and Hasselbach equation.
3. What do you mean by Turnover Number of an enzyme?
4. Define cofactor and coenzyme.
5. What is an isoenzyme?
6. What do you mean by steady state assumption?
7. Draw the structure of alpha-D-glucose.
8. Draw the structure of alpha-D-fructose.
9. Draw the structure of dGTP.
10. What is glycogenin?
11. Write a short note on sphingolipid.

 

Molecular and Cell Biology; and Genetics

Long Answer Question: (8)

1. Describe the initiation of the replication process.
2. Describe the structure and type of gene.
3. What is a nucleosome? Describe the formation of a solenoid (condensed fiber) of DNA.
4. What are the functions of RNA? Describe mRNA.
5. Describe transcription briefly (in Prokaryotes).
6. What are the Post-transcriptional Modifications? Describe in brief.
7. Describe the initiation of the translation process in Prokaryotes.
8. What are the Post-translational Modifications? Describe in brief.
9. Describe the type of mutation and results due to base substitution. 
10. Describe in  brief about the chemical mutagens.
11. Describe the lac operon system.
12. How is gene regulation promotor work in prokaryotes? illustrate with diagram.
13. What is DNA cloning? Describe restriction enzymes (type II endonuclease).
14. Illustrate with diagram of pUC19 and pBR322 as cloning vector.
15. What are the applications of genetic engineering in biomedical sciences?
16. Describe phenol-chloroform extraction method of DNA isolation.
17. Describe the southern blot hybridization.
18. Describe the steps in PCR.
19. Highlight some gene editing techniques.
    
    

Short Answer Question: (5)

1. Enlist the enzymes involved in the replication of DNA.
2. Describe the proof-reading process of DNA polymerase.
3. Describe tRNA.
4. Draw the structure of adenine and cytosine. 
5. Write a very short note on the human genome. 
6. List the RNA polymerases and their product in Eukaryotes.
7. Differentiate between RNA polymerase and DNA polymerase.
8. Describe briefly inhibitors of transcription and their mode of action in Prokaryotes.
9. What are the genetic codes and their characters?
10. Describe translocation process during protein synthesis.
11. Shine-Dalgarno sequence. 
12. What is base excision repair.
13. TATA binding protein.
14. Inhibitors of DNases.
    
    

BCM 513-I List of Practicals

Tweet

List of Practicals (M.Sc. Biotechnology, I-Semester)

1. Preparation of normal, molar, Parts per million (PPM), and percent solutions.
2. Preparation of different buffer solutions and measure their pH.
3. Estimation of given protein concentration by Bradford, Lowry (Folin) protein assay and by Biuret test.
4. Determination of the isoelectric point of casein (of milk).
5. Titration of amino acids and find the physical constants.
6. Qualitative detection of glucose in urine (the Trommer reaction).
7. Quantitative determination of glucose in blood by a glucose-oxidase method.
8. Determination of total cholesterol concentration in serum.
9. Determination of urea concentration in serum and urine.
10. Determination of saponification value of the fat.
11. Qualitative tests for carbohydrates(Iodine test, Benedict’s test, Barfoed’s  test, Seliwanoff’s test, Bial’s test)
12. Separation of amino acids by chromatographic techniques and detection by nin-hydrin test.
13. Separation of lipids by TLC, and detection.

BCM 513-I Biochemistry Model Question

Tweet

Model Questions for Biochemistry (M.Sc. Biotechnology, I-Semester)

Long Answer Question: (7.5 × 1 = 7.5) (any one)
1) Explain the biological functions of proteins with examples.
2) Explain the essential amino acids.
3) Explain the Ramachadran plot.

Short Answer Question: (2.5 × 3 = 7.5) (any three)
1) Describe how peptide bond is formed.
2) Draw the structures of non-polar and non-charged aliphatic amino acids.
3) Mention the the enzymes and co-factors involved in hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis.
4) Differentiate between fibrous and globular proteins.
4) Describe the structure of collagen.

Very Short Answer Question: (1 × 5 = 5) (any five)
1) Define denaturation of proteins.
2) Which bonds are flexible for rotation in a dipeptide?
3) Mention the replaced amino acids that leads to sickle cell anaemia.
4) Define the quaternary structure of proteins.
5) What are the major amino acids in collagen?
6) Describe the supersecondary structure of protein.
7) Describe in brief about the structure of haemoglobin.
8) What are chaperones.

Model Questions for Biochemistry-IV

Tweet

for M.Sc. Biotechnology
Long Answer Questions        (@7)

1. Describe the regulation of cholesterol synthesis.
2. Describe the terpenoids biosynthesis.
3. Describe the reaction that involves pyridoxal-5-phosphate and explain the mechanism of any one of them.
4. Describe the beta-oxidation of odd-chain fatty acids.
5. Describe the gluconeogenesis pathway and its regulation.
6. Describe the degradation of purine.
7. Describe the biosynthesis of flavonoids.
8. Describe the urea cycle.

Short Answer Questions      (@2)

1. Write a brief note on fate of shikimate in metabolism.
2. Why alkaloids are imporatant?
3. Describe the metabolic role of niacin.
4. Describe the link between TCA and urea cycle.
5. Explain the mechanism of digestion of carbohydrate in brief.
6. What are steroid? Mention their role in metabolism.
7. What are the pharmacological role of coumarin?
8. Write a short note on monoterpenes.
9. Describe allelopathy.
10. Biosynthesis of ribose sugar.

Very Short Answer Questions                             (@1)

1. Write a short note on carbamoyl phosphate synthetase?
2. Enlist some organic reaction mechanisms.
3. Function of biotin.
4. What are saponin?
5. Write a short note on flavanone.
6. Glucocorticosteroid
7. Role of carnitine.
8. PUFA
9. Ascorbic acid
10. Cholecalciferol

Model Questions for Pharmacology

Tweet

Model Questions for Pharmaceutical Microbiology (Food Microbiology)

1. What are the sources of impurities in pharmaceutical products? 
2. Explain the “bio-assay” linking with it to the drug discovery process. 
3. Highlight about the spoilage of pharmaceutical raw materials. 
4. What is pharmacopoeia and monograph development? Highlight about it in the context of Nepal.
5. Mention some quality assurance and management practices for pharmaceutical products. 
6. Describe preservation methods of pharmaceutical products. 
7. What are the factors affecting microbial spoilage of pharmaceutical products? How the humidity is crucial for it? 
8. What are the biological indicators of sterilization? Explain any two of them. 
9. Explain some methods of testing for the presence of antibiotics in meat. 
10. Explain some in vitro assays that are useful in drug discovery. 


11. What are the routes of drug administration?
12. What is pharmacodynamics? Explain with paracetamol (acetaminophen).
13. What are the "potency and efficacy" of drug? Explain with examples.
14. What is therapeutic index? Explain and draw a graph for warfarin.
15. How can we select a molecule to be taken as a medicine? Explain some theoretical aspects.


16. What are the components of augmentin? Explain the mode of action of augmentin. 
17. What are the criteria to select the antibiotics as the drug of choice? 
18. Enlist some biological sources and the antibiotics extracted/isolated from them. 
19. What are super-bugs? “Overuse of antibiotics may create super-bugs.” Explain the statement.
20. Describe the MIC and MBC. Explain some methods of searching new antibacterials.

Active Nepalese Blogger and Future of Blogging

Tweet

There were hundreds of Nepalese blogger writing in Nepali and English from Nepal and abroad. Despite many hurdles, political imbalances, difficulty in internet and electricity access; many of them were frequently feeding us. However, the majority of them disappear from blogverse (Universe of blog), nowadays. Mainly due to Facebook and Twitter, which are proving platforms for mini and micro-blogging, several online newspapers, and may be due to chaos in the country.

Country is suffering from unannounced blockade making distasteful festivals and life. We are struggling to get minimum living things such as gas for cooking, vehicles, even medicines, just a few to mention here. We have to spend majority of time to get such minimum living standard impeding for other creativity. However, still some blogger are paying more attention to the aesthetic value of blog for Nepalese and promulgating voluntarily. According to contribution since past month, the following are active blogs for the Nepalese by Nepalese.  News blog, copy-paste blog, the blog which are filled only with personal bio-data, and malfunctioned or virus infected blogs are removed from the list. Please, suggest me if remains to be included.

1. साहित्य संग्रहालय 2. मेरो संसार 3. केही आफ्नै कथा, ब्यथा अनि भावनाहरु 4. समय र परिवेश 5. नेपालप्लस 6. सापेक्ष बुझाई 7. रामकुमार परियार 8. Sarad Kumar Gauchan's DIARY 9. Nepalvidhya 10. Tales of Sun and Rain (घामपानीका कहानी) 11. hataru/हटारु 12. Apawad 13. अनलाइन कम्प्युटर इनिस्टीच्युट 14. अभिनव.कम  15. गाउँले मन 16. मेरो चौतारी डट कम 17. DAUTARI :: दौंतरी

18. शब्द (Shabda) ... 19. SCIENCE TO SOCIETY 20. Aakar Post 21. Bikash Koirala | What I Feel 22. मेरो खेस्रा whatever i feel  23. Palpali Milan 24. मेरो आफ्नै सेरोफेरो 25. शब्द चित्र डट कम 26. शहरबाट शब्दहरु 27. साहित्यः जीवनको निम्ति 28. मेरो ब्लग 29. समकालीन साहित्य 30. Rabindra Neupane 31. यात्रीको ब्लग 32. merokalam.com 33. प्रगतिशील लेखक सङ्घ, नेपाल 34. Kapilvastu Day Blog

Notable blogs, which were active in the past, are here. Hopefully, these will be reactivated again.

मेरो विचार र अभिव्यक्तिको साझा चौतारी
क्यामज्जा
☽कृष्णपक्ष☆
दूर्जेय चेतना
साइबर चौतारी
Because of gradual loss of enthusiasm in blogging and many hurdles in Nepal, blogverse may shrink in future, however, it gives immense self-satisfaction.

Model Questions for Immunology

Tweet

Model Questions for Immunology (MSc Microbiology, Faculty of Science, TU, Nepal)
Long Answer Questions (10)
   1. Explain in brief about type III hypersensitivity. Differentiate between immediate and delayed type hypersensitivity.

Short Answer Questions (5 marks for each)
   2. What is autoimmunity? Explain with some abnormal physiology in human body.
   3. Explain the entry of HIV in CD4 cell.
   4. Write in brief about immunotolerance.
   5. Explain the mechanism of tissue injury in type I hypersensitivity.

Very Short Answer Questions (2 marks for each)
   6. Describe the neonatal jaundice in brief.
   7. What is myasthenia gravis?
   8. What is arthus reaction?
   9. Describe in brief about chronic granulomatous disease.
   10. Explain the manifestation of mutations occur in the Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) gene.
   11. Enlist some diseases due to congenital immunodeficiency.

MCQs (1 mark for each)
1. Type I hypersensitivity can be blocked using:
      A  Histamine.
      B  An IgA myeloma.
      C  A myeloma protein of mixed antibody class.
      D  Interleukin-5.
      E  Sodium cromoglycate.

2. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection can lead to:
      A  Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
      B  Cold hemagglutinin disease.
      C  Agranulocytosis.
      D  Thrombocytopenic purpura.
      E  Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia.

3. The term reactive lysis usually refers to a sequence of events involving:
      A Complement.
      B Natural killer (NK) cells.
      C Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL).
      D Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).
      E Th1 cells.

4. Which type of hypersensitivity cannot be transferred with serum antibody?:
      A  Type I.
      B  Type II.
      C  Type III.
      D  Type IV.
      E  Type V.

5. Anaphylaxis can be triggerred by cross-linking of IgE receptors on:
      A  Monocytes.
      B  Mast cells.
      C  B-cells.
      D  Eosinophils.
      E  Neutrophils.
         Source: Roitt's Essential Immunology, 12^th Edition.

Structure, properties and classification of amino acids

Tweet

Some key-words are:
Proteins
What is the structure ?
What is the role of Proteins?

1. The function of a protein is intrinsically dependent on its structure.
2. Since its structure is maintained by combinations of chemical interactions which are individually weak and flexible, the environment in which a protein finds itself can affect its structure.
3. Heat and pH affect protein structure.
4. The cell uses factors such as phosphorylation or ligand-binding to affect the structure, and therefore the function, of many proteins

Amino Acid

1. The first discovered Amino Acid was asparagine, in 1806.
2. The last, threonine, 1938.
3. All the amino acids have trivial or common names, in some cases derived from the source from which they were first isolated.
4. Asparagine was first found in asparagus,
5. Glutamate in wheat gluten;
6. Tyrosine was first isolated from cheese (its name is derived from the Greek tyros, “cheese”); and glycine (Greek glykos, “sweet”) was so named because of its sweet taste.

Essential Amino acids: They are not synthesized by the body and must be supplied from the diet. These are; Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine, Arginine*, and Histidine*
PVTtim H*A*LL (private team  hall)
*Semi essential amino acid
Rest of the materials are found in pdf file. Please, wait in case of slow internet.

Model Questions for Biochemistry-III

Tweet

 Model Questions for Biochemistry (Microbiology) 
1. Explain in brief about lipolysis.
2. Explain the urea cycle.
3. What is the salvage pathway, enlist the steps?
4. Why TCA is said to be amphibolic?
5. What are the ketone bodies? Explain their metabolism.

6. What are enzymes, explain with the classification?
7. Give some examples of the special molecules of the body whose precursor are amino acids.
8. Enlist the enzymes involved in TCA cycle and estimate the number of ATP generation.
9. Describe the stoichiometry for palmitic acid oxidation.
10. What are the differences between fatty acid biosynthesis and breakdown.

11. Derive Michaelis-Menten equation.
12. What are coenzymes and isozymes? Explain in brief with examples.
13. Explain pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
14. What is the glyoxylate cycle? Show its relationship to the citric acid cycle.
15. Explain the De novo synthesis of Pyrimidine (steps only).

Titles of MSc theses submitted to the central department of microbiology, TU, Nepal

Tweet

Central Department of Microbiology of Nepal was established in 1990 (2048) under Institute of Science and Technology (IOST) at Tribhuvan University. The department offers Master’s and Ph. D. Degree in Microbiology. Over 500 students have completed M. Sc. degree and a few candidates have completed Ph. D. degree in Microbiology from this department. Despite many hurdles has been faced in Nepal in academic field, the department can maintain its own building with necessary infrastructures, research laboratories along with free Internet access and library facilities, etc.

Here is the list of MSc theses submitted to the central department of microbiology (CDM), TU, Nepal up to batch of 2003 and some 2004. Titles of recent MSc and all PhD theses will be uploaded.
Note: This is for academic purpose only, and voluntarily publishing, blog does not take any responsibility for accuracy and other claims.
Courtesy: Microbiological Students' Association of Nepal (MiSAN).

Name                    Year                                         Topics 

Mr. Rajan Pd. Adhikari	1994	Microbial Quality of fruits of Kathmandu valley and their utilization in wine making and upgrading protein content of fruits peels by using Aspergillus niger, Trichodema  and Penicillium spp
Bidya  Shrestha	1994	Study of campylobacter in diarrheal  and non-diarrheal Nepalese children and detection of  in diarrheal children
Anjana Maharjan	1994	Bacteriological investigation on ice-cream of kathmandu
Anjana Shrestha	1994	Study on the water pollution of Ranipokhari and use of fish culture as a biological control of pond pollution
Kedar G.C.	1994	An indigenous fermented food of Eastern Nepal
Shova Shrestha	1994	Study of physical composition and bacteriological analysis of solid waste of Kathmandu city
Dwij Raj Bhatta	1994	Isolation and characterization of thermo philic and anylase positive bacteria from hot spring of Nepal
Pradeep Kumar Shah	1994	Biotyping of coagulase negative staphy lococci (CONS)
Peare Banmali	1994	Bacteriological study of food and water of pode community of Kirtipur
Bimmi Shrestha	1995	Epidemiology and microbiology of lower respiratory tract infection among adult patients in Nepal
Gyanendra Bd. Karki	1995	Bacteriological study of chicken and buff meat of Kathmandu valley
Indu Bikram Joshi	1995	Preliminary survey of dominant bacterial flora of indoor air of Kathmandu
Arjuman Shrestha	1995	Proteolytic Activities of mesophilic Bacteria
Sangita Shakya	1995	Study on the impolite activities of fungi isolated from different oil mill areas
Prakash Ghimire	1995	Prevalence of Bacteriuria and UTI in Nepalese women
Dev Kumar Ranjit	1995	Study of antimicrobial resistant Echerichia Coli
Buddhi Pudasaini	1995	Study of solid waste of Kathmandu Valley and its impact on Kathmandu
Moti lal Shrestha	1995	Microbiology of wound infection, a hospital based study
Durga Ghimire	1995	Bacteriological profile of bacteriaemia patients visiting Patan Hospital
Ira Tuladhar	1996	Bacteriological study of cheese of Kathmandu City
Bishwa Kala Aryal	1996	Serological analysis of Escherichia coli isolated from various clinical specimens with special interest in gastroenteritis
Sabina Dangol	1996	Microbiology of worm infection at Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital
Rabindra Acharya	1996	A research on integrated fish culture utilizing human wastes in Nepal
Pradipta Udas	1996	Bacteriological study of ice-cream butter and rasbery of Kathmandu city
Pravin Malla "Shrestha"	1996	Improvement of nutrictional value of soybean by fermentation  using aspergillus oryzae
Amod Kumar Pokharel	1996	Micro-Biological Study of paper industries effects
Bihnesh Shrestha	1996	Screening of thermophiles from hot spring of Nepal for thermostable proteases.
Kusumabati Bagracharya	1996	Bacteriological analysis of intestine of fish and its environment
Usha Joshi	1996	Hazard analysis critical control points module of traditional Nepalese meat based street foods
Sagarika Manandhar	1996	Microbiology of urinary tract infection a hospital based study
Sarita Manandhar	1996	Isolation of pectolytic microorganisms from citnus fruits and characterization of the pectic enzymes
Rashmila Prajapati	1996	Fermented soybean: A possible replacer of fish meal
Rina Pradhan	1996	Isolation of Bacillus thuringiensis from soils of Nepal and its insect toxicity.
Paru Joshi	1996	Bacteriological study of fresh vegetables of Kathmandu valley
Bashudha Shrestha	1996	Isolation of salmonella species from blood and study of its antibiotic sensitivity patterns
Pradipta Bhushan Pokhreli Udas	1996	Bacteriological study of ice-cream butter and rosbery of  Kathmandu city
Chandra Prakash Bhatta	1996	Study of different diagnostic methods and prevalence of Pulmonary tuberculosis among Nepalese population
Deen Bandhu Bhatta	1996	Hazard analysis critical control point process in milk chain
Gyanendra Ghimire	1997	Studies on amylolytic activity during solid state fermentation of murcha a traditional yeast starter of Nepal
Manoj Thapa	1997	Bacteriological study of water and its treatment using plant products
Kishor Manandhar	1997	Serological survey of hepatitis B surface antigen among the healthy Nepalese males
Sarala Joshi	1997	Microbiological study of bodyfluid
Rakesh Kumar Jha	1997	Fermential soybean a suitable protein source in fish diet in relation to its enzyme system
Batu Krishna Sharma Kuinkel	1997	Study on air microflora of Kathmandu valley and its seasonal and location variation
Era Shrestha	1997	Study on B-Lactamase activity by microbiological and biochemical methods in Staphylococcus aureus from healthy Nasal carriers and Hospital Isolates
Bikash Pandey	1997	Microbiological and chemical analysis of food beverages (alcoholic and non-alcoholic) of Kathmandu valley
Manju Shree Shakya	1997	Microbial analysis of burn injuries at burn unit of different hospitals
Chandana Gurung	1997	Study of actiology of acute diarrhoea with special interest in Salmonella and Shigella
Rajeev Mani Nepal	1997	Nutritional improvement of soybean by fermentation for its possible use in feed for developing state of carp family
Puspa Man Shrestha	1997	Bacteriological analysis of fish and its environment and enzymatic activities of fish isolates
Kalpana K.C.	1997	Isolation of antibiotic resistant enteric bacteria from community ponds and their antibiotic transfer mechanims in such environment
Sushilman Singh pradhan	1997	Optimization of Nutrient conditions for thormostable protoase production
Rishi Prakash Niraula	1997	Hazard Analysis critical control point (HACCP) process of cheese manufacturing in Nepal
Binod Lekhak	1997	Study on industrial effluent and its biolotical treatment using LEMNA species
Sampurna Singh Dangol	1997	Cauterization and Optimization of amylase produced
Leela Shrestha	1997	Microbiology of Burn Wound in Children at Kanti children's hospital
Kritika Gautam	1997	Prevalence of urinary tract infection on children
Rumu Amatya	1998	Studies on mesophilic and thermopilic microorganisms commonly found in compost piles of Kathmandu valley
Bishnu Raj Tiwari	1998	An epidemiological study of antibiotic resistant enteric bacteria in sub-urban community of Kathmandu valley.
Anjana Shakya	1998	Microbiology of oral cavity with special interest to B-Hemolytic Streptococcus
Kiran Shah	1998	Characterization of E-coli isolated from urinary tract infected patients
Keshab Parajuli	1997	Study of causative organisms from pus sample and its antibiotic sensitivity pattern
Luna Bhatta	1998	Study of antimicrobial properties of punica granatminum
Makhan Maharjan	1998	Assessment of groundwater quality and study of antibiotic resistance and olidynamic action against some isolated enteric bacteria
Reshma Tamrakar	1998	Antibacterial activities of antinomy cetes isolated from soils of Kathmandu valley
Sunil Manandhar	1998	Impact of effluents on rivers and reduction of biochemical oxygen demand using Cladosporium oxysporum
Archana Shrestha	1998	Cerviccts and cancer of in Nepal
Kaushal Joshi	1999	A prospective study on bacteriology of lower respiratory tract infection among the patients visiting T.U. teaching hospital Kathmandu
Jyoti Amatya	1998	Study of urinary tract infection and cancer of urinary bladder
Krishna Lal Kandel	1999	Infection of foot ulcers in Leprosy Patients
Archana Katuwal	1999	A perspective study on bacteriology of would infection among impatient at Bir Hospital (A Hospital Based Study)
AnJali Tibrewal	1999	A prespective study on etiological agents causing infective endocarditis and related bacteri\aemic and septiaemic cases among patients visiting Bir Hospital
Hirdaya Ratna Shakya	1999	Prospective study on aetidogy of childhood diarrhoea based on clinical featured and laboratory investigation
Monika Joshi	1999	Seroprevalence of hepatitis B And hepatitis C infection among blood donors in Kathmandu valley
Puspa Raj Dahal	1999	Utilization of fruit wastes for the production of citric acid via fermentation by using Aspergillums
Buddhi Sagar Ghimire	1999	Utilization of tea wastes as a substrate for microbial protein production
Rupa Acharya	1999	Production of aflatoxin by Aspergillus flavus isolated from different edible foodstuffs of Kathmandu
Deepak Singh	1999	Antibacterial activity of actinomycetes isolated from various geogra phical region of Nepal and characterization of their antibacterial agents.
Bijaya Kumar Dhakal	1999	A prospective study of urinary tract infection based on culture and direct microscopy of urine along with the antibiotic sensitivity test of urinary pathogens
Krishna Prashad Subedi	1999	Insecticidal activities and immunology of delta-endotoxins of Bacillus thuringiensis isolated from insect samples of Nepal
Roshana Joshi (Shrestha)	1999	Preliminary test of bacteriocins from Pseudomonas sps isolated from potato
Sandesh Regmi	1999	Isolation, screening, identification and selection of best fermentative yeast from murcha sample
Aarati  Karki	1997	Prevalence of acute diarrhoeal episodes in Kathmandu valley during 1997
Pallavi Sthapit	1999	The Isolation and identification of antibiotic producing bacteria in the compost samples of Kathmandu valley
Shaila Basnyat	1999	Studies on effect of pesticides on soil inhabiting bacteria of pesticide applied cultivated fields of Kathmandu valley
Palpasa Tuladhar	1999	A perspective study on bacteriology of wound infection at Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital
Reena Lamichhane	1999	Study of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus  (MRSA) isolated from different clinical samples
Chenu Gongol	1999	Fermentation of grape juice by using brewing yeast isolated from Nepalese starter-murcha
Leena Rajbhandari	1999	Efficiency of alcohol fermentation of herdemu  vulgate (Naked barley) from traditional murcha
Sanchita Sapkota	1999	Antibacterial Activity of natural honey: A preliminary study
Thakur Prasad Paudel	1999	Drug resistant enteric bacteria in poultry samples of Kathmandu valley and their epidemiological study by plasmid profiling
Harish Chandra Shrestha	2000	Screening of aflatoxin producing Aspergillus flavus isolated from maize and study on their growth suppression by various chemical agents
Nawa Raj Bangade	1999	A prospective study on aetiology of bacteremia septicacmia at Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital
Anand Bahadur Chand	2000	A prospective study on Aetiological agents of diarrheal disease in children in relation to parasites and to determine the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of isolates
Binita Panta	2000	A study on sexually transmitted infections among the patients visiting at Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital
Sujan Piya	2000	A study on diarrhea in children in relation to behavioral and environment factors
Dev Raj Joshi	2000	Studies on role of exopolysaccharide of Xanthomonas campestris PV. campestris, isolated from cabbage seeds, in pathgenesis and correlation of exopolysaccharide in pathgenicity on host plants
Abhignya Subedi	2000	Prevalence of multiple drug resistant enteric bacterial pathogens in diarrhoeal patients of Kathmandu and study of their relations by plasmid profiling
Priyambada Paudyal	2000	Study on the relationship between the infections of Helicobacter pylori and epstein barr virus and the corcinogenesis of the gastric cancer
Chandra Kala Rai	2000	A perspective study on antibiotic sensitivity profiles of the organisms associated with clinical infections among the patients attending T.U. Teaching Hospital; A hospital based study
Arishma Rajkarnikar (singh)	2000	Antibiotic resistant Vibrio cholerae isolated from Kathmandu valley and characterization of the isolates by biotyping and serotyping
Shiva Raj Pokhrel	2000	Microbiological and chemical analysis of mineral water sold in the kathmandu valley
Naba Raj Pokhrel	2000	Screening and evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants of Nepal and isolation of pure antimicrobial compound four bushfire variegate
Pankaj Acharya	2000	Microbiological study on street fried foods and isolation and identification of some microorganisms of public health importance
Purushotam Prasai	2000	Microbiological study of raw meat of Kathmandu valley with public health and veterinary importance and serological study of the isolated Salmonella species
Sunita Pokhrel	2000	Serodiagnosis of Syphilis among clinically suspected patients visiting Bir Hospital and the Risk of HIV and Hepatitis B infection among syphilitic patients
Munman K.C.	-------	Bacterial analysis of street food in relation to child health
Bhupesh Khadka	2000	Immuno diagnostics for tuberculosis
Sapana Sharma	2000	Antimicrobial activity of essential oils of some common species
Rajandra Prasad Aryal	2000	Study on viruses in relation with skin cancer among Nepalese people
Parmeshwor Narayan Amatya	2000	Study on cytokine (interferon-gamma) responses to skin test antigens of leprosy
Chariu Arjyal	2001	Bacteriology of ear discharges
Pratap Karki	2001	Study of solar Disinfection of drinking water
Prakriti Raj Kandel	2001	A study of severe Malaria in-relation to HIV and syphilis among patients visiting bherizamal Hospital
Abhilasla Karkey	2001	Monitoring of liver and renal function among human immunodeficiency virus positive individuals
Rupa Shakya	2001	Study on bacterial flora in blood specimen collected from hospitalized and out patients service of T.U. teaching hospital
Prerana Bajracharya	2001	Sero-diagnosis of Japnese Encephalitis and malaria and an assesment of public health awarnes about the above diseases (A study confined within BHERI Zonal hospital)
Prakash Kumar Paudyal	2001	Study of physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters of Bagmati river and treatment of polluted water using clodosporium resinoe
Suresh Subedi	2001	Study of prevalence of helicobacter pylori in gastroducdenal diseases and evaluation of antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the isolates.
Ganga Gharty Chetri	2001	Prevalence of tuberculosis among the suspected patients visiting Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital and their antimicrobial resistance pattern
Arjun Thapa	2001	Study of indoor Vs. outdoor air microfilaria and its relations to PM 7.07
Giri Raj Dahal	2001	Air quality assessment of Brick rain area
Shila Bhattarai	2001	Study of microflora of vermicompost and its anlagonistic activity against plant pathogenic bacteria
Saphala Dhital	2001	Determination of antibiotic resistant gram negative urinary pathogens in pediatric patient at kanti children's hospital
Rama Dhungel	2001	Prevelance of common bacterial different clinical samples pathogens in submitted at Tribhuvan university teaching hospital and their antibiotics sensitivity test profiles
Mahesh Ram Baidya	2001	Sereening and evaluation of in vitro antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants of Nepal
Buddhi Kumar Shrestha	2001	Study of hazare dialysis critical control point (HACCP) system in sausage-production plants
Anju Sharma	2001	Enumeration and isolation of pesticide degrading bacteria from different soil samples of Kathmandu valley and study on transferability of degradative plasmid from Pseudomonas Putida isolates into E. Coli
Lata Ghimire	2001	Study of microbial flora present in the conjzmctiva of the cataract patients before and after the use of betadinne solution and its antibiotic sensitivity pattern
Sushama Sharma	2002	Study of Microbiological  and chemical quality of fermented milks (DAHI) of Kathmandu valley
Chaman Ranjit	2001	Distribution of citrus Tiristeza virus in various regions in Nepal and development of virus free plantlets by meristem culture
Tarani Prasad Paneru	2002	Antibiotic sensitivity profile of Escherichia coli, klebsiella and Pseudomonas of patients visiting TUTH Kathmandu
Megha Raj Banjara	2002	Study of air, water and wound infection in different words of T.U. Teaching Hospital
Sangita Bhattarai	2002	Insecticidal activities of Bacillus thuringiensis against cluex quinquefacatus and spodoptera Litura
Kiran Babu Tiwari	2002	Study of Meningitis in patients University teaching Hospital
Nawaraj Dhakal	2002	Microbial Digestion of vegetable and Kitchen wastes for Biogas
Yogan Khatri	2002	Development of IND-elisa for for actinomycetes and Study of Senological Relationship
Supriti Shrestha	2002	Assessment of Drinking water quality supplied by Nepal supply corporation Sundarighat and identification, Antibiotic sensitivity pattern and serotyping of isolated Escherichia coli.
Sriju Sharma	2002	Pattern of Microbial flora among the visitors and the environment of intensive care unit (ICU) Tribhuvan University teaching Hospital
Rajita Rajbhandari	2002	Prevalence and Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aereus (MRSA) in Bir Hospital
Aashish Poudyal	2002	Salmonella Serotyping and Drug Susceptibility pattern from Environment and Clinical Samples of Urban Nepal
Anima Shrestha	2002	Bacteriological Study of Upper Respiratory tract infection in pediatric patients
Rupa Pandey	2002	A. Hospital based study of urinary tract infection among women visiting antental clinic of tribhuvan universit teaching hospital
Tista Prasai	2002	Drinking water quality assessment of kathmandu valley and antibacterial property of Enteric Bacteria Isolated
Deepak Acharya	2002	Prevalence of beta-haemolytic sterptococci in throat of school children and its antibiotic sensitivity pattern.
Khadga Bikram Shah	2002	Study on nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus among the post operative ward visitors, staff and patients of TU teaching hospital with drug sensitivity pattern
Bishwa Raj Thapa	2003	Optimization and use of polymeisase chain reaction for the diagnosis of tuberculosis and Leprosy
Durga Shreatha	2003	Prevalence of Bacterial infection in Acute hepatitis in Nepal
Sneha  Bam	2002	Quality control in tuberculosis smear microscopy
Ita Bhattarai	2003	Study of the prevalence of camfryholacter in Daw meat and drinking water in water corporation of Kathmandu and Possible research for shigella
Janak Raj Dhungana	2002	Tuberculosis and human immuno deficiency virus co-infection in united mession hospital Nepal
Binod Prasad Pathak	2003	A prospective study on acute group a streptococcal pharyogitis and its delayed sequelae on school children of Kathmandu valley, Nepal
Diyo Ram Rai	2003	Study of the factors associated with enteric parasitic infection among school children in a rural village setting in Kathmandu valley, Nepal
Narayan Raj Bhattarai	2003	Anti-tuberculosis treatment resistant in pulmonary tuberculosis patients visiting German-Nepal tuberculosis project kalimati, Kathmandu,
Keshav Rai	2003	Relative study of enterophathogens (parasites and bacteria) in gastroenteritis and its predisposing factors
Rajender Prasad Subedi	2003	Study of Ambient air micro flora of Kathmandu valley and its relation to P.M. 10
Darshan Sapkota	2003	Prevalence of anteric parasitosis in HIV/AIDS Patients of Nepal
Nagenra Prasad Yadav	2003	Prevalence of lymptatic filariasis is Dhenusha district of Nepal
Madhu Sudan Pandey	2003	Study on the prevalence of multiple drug resistant Salmonella in poultry birds
Pallavi Gurung	2003	Microbial contamination of the contact lens and its care
Sushil Chandra Regmi	2003	Evaluation of Nitrate test in detecting urinary Tract infection
Salina Gairte	2003	Microbial colonization of maternal genital tract and its relationship to onset of early neonatal sepsis
Bhagabati Panday	2004	Studies on the antibacterial activity of antiromycetes isolated from khambu region of Nepal.
Sachindra Raj Joshi	2003	Carriage pattern of Staphylococcus aureus in healthy school children
Preeti Gautan	2004	Prevalence of Urinary tract infection in Datetic Patients
Pratap Shahi	2002	Comparative Study of tuberculosis test Ziehl Neelsen staining and culture in the diagnosis of tuberculosis
Niraja Thapa	2002	Superficial fungal infection and awareness status among the patients visiting dermatology outpatients department of tribhuvan university teaching hospital
Suraj Dhungel	2004	Moduflation of whole blood immune to phenolic glycolipid (PGTD of M. Leprae)
Smritee Pokharel	2004	Comparative evaluation of different staining techniques for the diagnosis of tuberculosis lymphadenitis
Manoj Ghimire	2004	Evaluation of antimicrobial resistance status in Kirtipur community bacterial isolates
Pukar Acharya	2004	Air quality assessment of Kathmandu Valley
Dipak Adhikari	2004	Production and  characterijation of the antimicrobial substances from Bacillus species
Bharat Khatiwada	2004	Characterization of proteases from Bacillus species producing antimicrobial substances
Punita Gauchan	2004	Lower respiratory tract infection a socio-medical aspect
Chandra Sdhekheir Rajaure	2003	Study on performance of waste water  treatment plant at guheshwari
Jaya Sharma	2004	A prospective study on microbiology of lower respiratory tract infection and antibiotic sensitivity profile with interest in multidrug resistance and extended spectrum of betalactamase strains
Surath Uuadhyaya	2004	Prevalence of Lymphatic filariasis in Parsa District of Nepal
Puspa Raj Pandey	2004	Field evaluation of the OPTimal test for the rapid diagnosis of malaria
Deepak Joshi	2004	An epidemiological study of malaria in Kanchanur District during 2003
Yadav Wagley	2004	Microbiology of Bacteraemia and septicaemia in patients visiting Tribhuvan University, Teaching Hospital (TUTH) Kathmandu.
Anjita Rajbanshi	2004	Study on heavy metal resistant bacteria in the waste water treatment plant at Guheshwori
Abhilasha Gurung	2004	Prevalence of catheter associated urinary tract infection as Hospital acquired infection in TUTH
Amin Khadka	2004	Comparative evaluation of four different tests in the diagnosis of Visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal
Toya Nath Sapkota	2004	Microbial quality evaluation of milk and butter with special reference to the milk pathogens and MBRT test
Komal Rajj Rijal	2004	An epidemiological study of anti-tuberculosis drug resistance pattern in the pulmonary tuberculosis patients visiting national tuberculosis centre.
Munal Subedi	2004	A Hospital study of urinary tract infection among pregnant women visiting Lumbini Zonal Hospital, Butwal
Amrit M.S. Maharjan	2002	Study on the impairment of liver kindney and pancreas in Hepatitis B and C positive cases
Ranjan K. C	2004	Enteropathogens associated with acute diarrhoea in patients visiting National Public Laboratory, Teku.
Bijaya Malla	2004	Study on nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage enteroparasitic infectations in children
Sabina Shrestha	2004	Study on the prevalence of Salmonella species from blood sample of the patients visiting national public health  laboratory, Teku
Santosh Thapa	2004	Prevalence of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in children visiting Kanti children's Hospitals
Narayan Prasad Kandel	2004	Bacteriological profile of bacteraemia and speticaemia among patients of infective endocarditis
Deepu Pudasaini	2004	Microbial study of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients admitted in Nepal Medical College Teaching Hospital, Jorpati
Puja Shrestha	2004	A prospective study of urinary tract infections in female patients attending Kathmandu Model Hospital
Nirajan Thapa Kshetry	2004	Prevalence of Aeromonas in different clinical samples and water with special interest in Gastroenteritis
Raj Kumar Karki	2004	Serostatus of rheumatoid factor, c-reactive protein, antistreptolysin-o and uric acid in patients visiting OM Hospital and research centre
Gokarna Raj Ghimire		Study of urinary tract infection among kidney transplant patients visiting National Public Health Laboratory, Teku.
Bijaya Bajracharya	2004	Prevalence of vulvovaginal giardiasis in females attending gynecological outpatient department of Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital
Pradeep Kafle	2004	Seroprevalence of torch in Nepalese women of childbearing age and evaluation of biochemical parameters
Roshani Maharjan	2005	Detection of enteric pathogens (Vibrio Cholerae and Escherichia coli 0157) in childhood diarrhoeal cases
Sulochana Basnet (Mahat)	2004	Prevalence of Urinary tract infection and candiasis of   pregnant women at community based reproductive health care & counseling center of Kirtipur Municipality
Diksha Khadka	2005	Detection of Enteropathogens (Salmonella spp, Shigella spp and Parasites) in the stool specimen of children suffering from diarrhea and admitted at kanti children Hospital
D Radha	2004	Evaluation of antimicrobial activities of some medical plants
Dinesh Thapa	2004	Seroprev valence of hepatitis B and HIV among volunteer blood donors of Kathmandu
Dipendra Gautam	2005	Prevalence of lower respiratory tract pathogens (bacterial) in Nepalese HIV/AIDS Patients
Prakash Chandra Amatya	2004	Study of Bacteraemia in malnourished children admitted to Kanti children's hospital
Dal Bahadur Khatri	2005	Recovery of sliver from used X-Ray films using alkaline protease extracted from Bacillus spp
Niraj Nakarmi	2005	Screening of soil bacillus species for ß lactamase activity
Susan Pandey	2005	Genetic variability of Mycobacterium leprae in Nepal
Rajdeep Bomjan	2005	Prevalence of multidrug resistant strains with reference to extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing strains among the bacterial pathogens isolated from different clinical samples at Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital
Trishna Manandhar	2005	Antibiotic susceptibility profile of bacterial pathogens in urinary trace infection with special reference to extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) oridycubt straubs
Deepa Shrestha	2005	Study on Microbiology of urinary tract infection and the prevalence of multidrug resistant strains among the bacterial pathogens
Govinda Prasad Dhungana	2005	Tuberculosis and HIV co-infection in HIV-AIDS persons of Nepal
Uma Shrestha	2005	Cross-sectional study of respiratory pathogenes and their antibiotic susceptibiligy pattern in Tribhuvan Unversity Teaching Hospital
Ajaya Poudel	2006	Loop-mediated isothermal amplification for direct detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum samples
Niroj Man Amatya	2006	A study on etiological agents of bacteraemia and antibiotic susceptibiligy pattern of isolates
Anjana Upadhayay	2005	Biodiversity and bioactivity of endophytic fungi of tsuga dumosa D. Don
Yukti Basnet	2006	Vermicomposting, enrichment of vermicompost by azotobacter chroococcum and response on phaseolus bean
Bishnu Bhakta Dhungyel	2006	Prevalence of malaria and hepatitis B among Nepalese blood donors
Deepika Shrestha	2006	Evaluation of different staining techniques (Ziehl neelsen stain, Kinyoun stain, Modified cold stain and fluorochrome stain) for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis
Upendra Thapa Shrestha	2006	Study of delta encotoxin immunocrossreactivity of bacillus thuringiensis isolates from khumbu base camp of the Everest Region
Gyan Sundar Sahukhal	2006	Study of genetic polymorphism among bacillus thuringensis isolates from Khumbu Base Camp of Everest Region by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase Chain Reaction
Samira Khatiwada	2006	Study of prevalence of enteric fever and the assessment of widal test in the diagnosis of typhoid fever
Sirjana Devi Shrestha	2006	A prospective study on etiology of diarrhea with reference to multiple drug resistant enteric bacterial pathogens
Mr. Sunil Maharjan	2006	Prevalence of intestinal parasitosis among HIV/HIDS patients of Kathmandu Valley and Dhulikhel
Ms. Chamala Lama	2006	Microbiological study among diarrhoeal children in relation to cyclospora and rotavirus infection
Mr. Navaraj Raj Adhikari	2006	Study of prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among HIV seropositive subjects and high risk group for HIV infection in Bagmati Zone, Nepal
Mr. Dhan Kumar Pant	2006	Assessment of therapeutic of anti-mallarial drug (chloroquine) for plasmodium vivax in kanchanpur district, Nepal
Mr. Bikash Shakya	2006	Study on intestinal infections by parasite and some bacteria among elderly people of Kathmandu Valley.
Jyoti Pant	2006	Microbial study of hospital environment and carrier pattern study among staff in Nepal Medical College Teaching Hosptial
Poonam Thapa	2006	Assessment of hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) from restaurants of Kathmandu metropolitan city with respect to environmental condition
Shyam Prasad Dumre	2006	Sero-epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis in Nepal
Arina Shrestha	2006	A study on soil transmitted helminthiasis in Kathmandu Valley
Nisha Puri	2006	Study on the incidence of urinary tract infection in diabetic patients and the prevalence of multidrug resistant strains among the bacterial pathogenic isolates
Sanchita Dahal	2006	Prevalence of bacterial and fungal agents causing lower respiratory tract infections in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection
Sudeep Singh	2006	Isolation and identifcaton of the etiolotical agent of pulmonary tuberculosis in patients visiting national tuberculosis center, Thimi, Bhaktapur
Shishir Sharma	2006	Microbial flora among vstors and the hospital environment in ICU and SICU at TUTH
Sangeeta Shrestha	2006	A study on possible contribution of horizontal transmission in neonatal sepsis at TUTH
Kiran Sapkota	2006	Prevalence of methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in clinical specimnets from patients and screening of nasal carriage of MRSA from Medical Staffs of Bir Hospital
Dinesh Dhakal	2006	Study of the disease citrus canker and field trial to find its effective control measure in “Kavre” Nepal.
Jeny Shrestha	2006	Effect of dual inoculation of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar p[haseoli and Piriformospora indica verma et al. on phaseolus vulgaris grown in the soil treated with vermicompost
Rajani Shrestha	2006	Study on the effect of co-inoculation of bradyrhizobium japonicum and pirifirmospora indica verma et al. on glycine max (L.) merr.
Shova Khanal	2006	A study on microbiology of urinary tract nfection at Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital Kathmandu Nepal
Olivia Thapa	2006	Evaluation of antibiacterial activity of some medicinal plants frequently used in respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases in Nepal
Rachana Manandhar	2006	Pattern of bacterial flora in various out patient departments of TUTH
Asta Ram Khagi	2006	A comparative study of different diagnostic methods for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in suspected patients visiting National Tuberculosis Centre, Thimi, Bhaktapur, Nepal
Sarita Shrestha	2007	Study on prevalence of common types of vaginitis (candidiasis, traichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis) among the pregnant women visiting thapathali maternity hospital Kathmandu
Nirmala Dhungana	2007	Role of Glomus Microcarpum in the production of whear (triticum aestivum)  plants
Padma Shrestha	2007	Study of bacteria causing urinary tract infection and their antimicrobial resistance trend at national public health laboratory
Rup Bahadur Kunwor	2007	Nalidxic acid resistant salmonella with decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility
Shiva Ram Pant	2007	Corelation of secondary infection with peripheral level T lymphocyte with CD4 marker (CD$) count in HIV/AIDS patients
Rama Gyewali	2007	A study on Microbiological and chemical quality of water of Kathmandu
Sujata Lamichhane	2007	Study on seroprevalence of IgM Antibiodies against the agents of torch infections among the patients visiting National Public Health Laboratory
Kamil Prajapati	2007	Effect of dual inoculation of azotobacterchroococcum and piriformospora indica verma et al on oryza satwal croun in the soil treated with vermicompost
Shradha Chiplalu	2007	Microbiological study on gastroenteritis of children from Kanti Children's Hospital with reference to cyclospora and rotavirus infection
Rojita Tuladhar	2007	Comparative evaluation of microscopic and cultural examination in bacterial meningitis among the patients attending Kanti Children Hospital
Anup Muni Bajracharya	2007	Study of drinking quality of Kathmandu Metropolitan areas and evaluation of antibacterial property of some medicinal plants against isolated enteric bacteria
Saraswoti Khadge	2007	DNA fingerprinting of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in Nepal using PCR-labelled is 6110 probe
Bal Ram Adhikari	2007	Use of Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (Lamp) for direct detection of Mycobacterium in sputum
Semuhang Subba	2007	Study of antibiotic susceptibility pattern of mycobacterium tuberculosis in pulmonary tuberculosis patients visiting national tuberculosis center, Thimim Bhaktapur, Nepal
Rojita Tuladhar	2007	Comparative evaluation of microscopic and cultural examination in bacterial  meningitis among the patients attending Kanti Children Hospital
Shradha Chipalu	2007	Microbiological study on gastroenteritis of children from Kanti Children's Hospital with reference to cyclospora and rotavirus infection
Bina Laxmi Jayana	2007	Assessment of drinking water quality of madhyapur-Thimi ans study of anti bacterial effect of lime juice against bacterial isolates
Kamala Lamsal	2005	Study the hospital environment of shahid gangalal national heart centre
Yasoda Gyawali	2007	Study on bacteriological profile of infected wound from patient's visiting to lumbini zonal hospital, butwal, Nepal
Deena Shrestha	2007	Prevalence of bacteraemia and septicaemia among children attending kanti children hospital with special reference to salmonella spp.
Pragya Sharma	2007	Study on intestinal parasitic infections in tharu community of bardiya district
Sujaya Nepali	2007	Screening of mycobacterium tuberculoss by selective inhibition with para-nitrobenzoic acid, its cytochemical staining and drug susceptibility to primary anti-tubercular drugs
Bhim Shrees	2005	Microbiological and physico-chemical analysis of alcoholic beverages of Kathmandu Valley
Prashqnna Raj Kafle	2007	Study on drinking water quality of Kathmandu and attending susceptibiligy of isolates
Khagendra Prakash K. C.	2007	Seroprevalence of rubella in Nepal
Madan Singh Bohara	2007	Reproductive tract infections among women attending gynaecological outpatient department Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital
Sunita Maharjan	2007	Tuberculosis and human imuno-deficency virus co-infection in suspected TB patients
Srijana Thapaliya	2007	Study of biodiversity and bioactivity of endophytic fungi of some Himalayan conifers of Nepal
Prashamsa Karkee	2008	Bacterial isolatres and their antibiogram from wounds and abscesses of surgical outpatients visiting bir hospital
Sushma Acharya	2008	Comparison of the resistance ratio and proportikon methods for drug susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from patients visiting national tuberculosis centre
Kiran Kumari	2008	Pattern of bacterial isolates and antibiogram from open wound infection an\mong the indoor patients of Bir Hoapital
Binita Koirala	2008	Comparative study of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (Lamp) for direct detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum
Khagendra Koirala	2008	Sterid biosynthesis and embryonic stem cell proteins as putative predictive breast cancer biomarker
Sarmila Tandukar	2008	Enteropathogenic microorganisms in children under ten years of age attending Kanti Children's Hospital
Surendra Karki	2008	Seroprevalence of hepatitisc and HIV among blood donors in Kathmandu valley
Anil Shrestha	2008	Prevalence of soil transmitted parasites in raw vebetables of Kathmandu and stool samples of school children
Rumika Maharjan	2008	Estimation of incidence of HIV infection in Nepal by mode of transmissionamong various exposure groups
Nirajan Bhattarai	2008	Genetic simalasrities among bacillus thuringiensis strains from different climatic zones of Nepal
Chringma Sherpa	2008	Biochemical and molecular characterization of actinomycetes prosessing antibacterial properties from soil samples of kalapatthar, mounteverest region
Tara Devi Gurung	2008	Screening of actinomycetes from soil samples of Kalapatthar mount everest region for antibiosis
Suman Thapa	2008	Immunological screening of actinomycetes of khumbu region of Nepal
Pankaj Baral	2008	Multidrug resistance among various clinical bacterial isolates and production of different types of B-lactamases with subsequent transfer mechanism by plasmid DNA analysis
Sanjiv Neupane	2008	Isolation identification and plasmid profiling of multidrug resistant bacterial pathogens isolated from UTI patients
Suman Lama	2008	An evaluation of 5% NaOCI microscopy method for the laboratory diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis
Shree Krishna Shrestha	2008	Assessment of arsenic tolerant bacteria from arsenic contaminated groundwater in nawalparasi district of Nepal
Prerana Dhungana	2008	Isolation and characterization of arsenic tolerant microorganisms from tube well water of Nawalparasi, Nepal
Manita Guragain	2008	Biochemical and genetic characterization of actinomycetes from  mount everest base camp
Narendra Maden	2008	Perspectives of arsenic exposure and asymptomatic microbial infections in Nawalparasi District
Kashi Ram Ghimire	2008	Microbiological quality evaluation of dahi/yoghurt of Kathmandu Valley
Bishnu Prasad Marasini	2008	Evaluation of antivicrobial activities of medicinal plants against some fungi and antibiotic resistant bacteria
Giridhari Rijal	2008	Urinary tract infection in diabetic microalbuminuric patients visiting B&B Hospital
Santa Raj Khanal	2008	A comparative study of IGM capture Elisa and particle agglutination assay for the diagnosis of Japanese Encephalitis among some Nepalese patients
Junu Koirala	2008	Study on antimicrobial activities of actinomycetes isolated from soils of different parts of khumbu region
Manoj Khadka	2008	Estimation and projection oif the trend of HIV/AIDS in Nepal till 2010 using estimation and projection pakage (EPP) softwere
Neelam Karna	2008	Cross-sectional study of urinary pathogens and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern with reference to extended spectreum beta lactamase (ESBL) producing strains in Kathmandu Model Hospital
Naresh Maharjan	2008	Evaluation of antibacterial activities of medicinal plants
Dinesh Maharjan	2008	The study of antibacterial activities of common spices
Barsha Gurung	2008	Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of salmonella isolates from blood sample of patients visiting Shree Birendra Hospital, Chauni
Minu K. C.	2008	Comparasion of blood culture and single slide agglutination widal test for the diagnosis of enteric fever
Rupa Nepal	2008	Bacteriological profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates from infected burn wound at Kanti Children's Hospital
Nabaraj Dahal	2008	Comparative evaluation of macroscopic, microscopic, serological and cultural examination of csf in bacterial memingitis
Prakash Shrestha	2008	Study on HIV and sexually transmitted infections among the female commercial sex workers of Kathmandu Valley
Rishi Baniya	2008	Screening of antimicrobial activity of actinomycetes from soil samples of manang region of Nepal and their biological characterization
Dhiraj Acharya	2008	Fluoroquinolone susceptibiligy pattern of the salmonella isolates from enteric fever patients visiting to National Public Health Laboratory, Nepal
Krishna Prasad Pant	2009	Sero-epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis in some selectedhospitals of Nepal
Ramesh Pun	2009	Sero-epidemiology of dengue virus infection in the post monsoon period I terai region of Nepal
Supriya Sharma	2008	Bacteriological profile of urine of postoperative patients undergone open heart surgery at Shahid Gangalal National Heart Centre, Nepal
Ashish Chandra Shrestha	2009	Transfusion transmissible infections among blood donors in Kathmandu, Nepal
Sulochana Manandhar	2008	Bacteriological and histological profile of heart valves resected from infective endocarditis patients
Shailaja Adhikari	2008	Prevalence of helicobacter pylori among dyspeptic patients attending Bir Hospital, Nepal
Manita Aryal	2008	Isolation, identification and antibiotic sensitivity testing of salmonella serovars from enteric fever suspected patients visiting Bir Hospital
Krishna Govinda Prajapati	2009	Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of salmonella from blood of suspected enteric fever patients attending Patan Hospital
Hemanta Khanal	2009	Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus among blood donors in Jhapa, Nepal
Pratirodh Koirala	2009	Bacterioloigcal profiles of tracheal aspirates of patients attending National Institute of Neurolobical and allied sciences.
Avishekh Gautam	2009	Evaluation of the three commercially availavle elisa test kits for the detection of Anti- HIV antibodies
Archana Bhattarai	2009	Spectrum and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates causing conjunctivitis among the patients visiting B.P. Koirala lions center for ophthalmic studies
Rabindra Karki	2009	Cholera incidence among diarrhoeal patients visiting national public health laboratory, Nepal
Anita Bhattarai	2009	Bacterioogy of chronic dacryocystitis and antibiotic susceptibiligy pattern of isolated bacteria
Esha Shrestha	2009	Isolation and characterization of salmonella from drinking water samples of urban water supply system of Kathmandu
Pratibha Thapa	2009	Strain typing of mycobacterium leprae isolates from Nepal uning variable number of tanden repeats
Binita Adhikari	2009	Use of minisatellite genetic profiling with clinical analysis of leprosy patients in Nepal